by
preposition
1 preposition of agent, causehe was told by his father dúirt a athair leisthey're being bought by vulture funds tá siad á gceannach ag na creach-chistí, tá na creach-chistí á gceannachit was signed by the secretary bhí sé sínithe ag an rúnaíit was written by herself í féin a scríobh é, scríobh sí féin éthat should be remembered by us all ba cheart dúinn ar fad cuimhneamh air sinthe row was caused by a misunderstanding míthuiscint ba chúis leis an raic, míthuiscint faoi deara an raicshe was scared by the noise scanraigh an torann í, bhí sí scanraithe ag an torannI was being pestered by them bhí siad do mo chrá, bhí mé do mo chrá acu 2 preposition of writer, artist, etcle prep novels by contemporary authors úrscéalta le húdair chomhaimsearthaa symphony by Mozart siansa le Mozart, siansa de chuid MozartShow full entry
3 preposition of circumstances etcthe terms will be decided by agreement trí chomhaontú a shocrófar na téarmaíwe found him by chance trí sheans a fuaireamar éI did it by mistake trí dhearmad a rinne mé é, de thaisme a rinne mé émy bike is light by comparison to yours tá mo rotharsa éadrom i gcomparáid le do cheannsait happened more by luck than judgement an t-ádh seachas an breithiúnas ba chúis leisthis place is known as Pádraig's Bed by tradition seo í Leaba Phádraig de réir an tseanchais 4 preposition of nature, characteristicshe's Irish by birth Éireannach ó dhúchas íby inclination, I'm interested in music claonadh nádúrtha ionam an spéis sa cheolhe wasn't a harsh man by nature ní duine crua a bhí ann ó nádúrshe's a butcher by trade búistéir í ó thaobh gairme, búistéireacht a ceird 5 preposition of parentagehe had a son by his first wife bhí mac aige lena chéad bheanshe had a daughter by a previous marriage bhí iníon aici ó phósadh roimhe sinthat mare had a foal by their stallion bhí searrach ag an láir sin ón stail s'acusan 6 preposition of methodhe judged the distance by eye thomhais sé an fad lena shúilthe candle was made by hand rinneadh an choinneal de láimhI know her by sight tá aithne shúl agam uirthiwe'll send it to you by email cuirfimid chugat é ar ríomhphostit was sent by post cuireadh sa phost éwe made the arrangements by phone rinneamar na socruithe ar an bhfónyou can help by donating money is féidir leat cabhrú trí airgead a thabhairtit's opened by means of a code osclaítear é le cód 7 preposition TRANSP of means of transportshe travelled all the way by bike thaistil sí an tslí ar fad ar rotharwe came by car thángamar i gcarrthey're being sent by train tá siad á gcur ar an traein, tá siad á gcur leis an traeinby plane ar eitleánby sea ar muir, ar an bhfarraige 8 preposition viahe came by Athlone tháinig sé trí Bhaile Átha Luainhe came by way of Omagh tháinig sé bealach na hÓmaíshe went out by the front door chuaigh sí amach ar an doras tosaighthey went in by the gate chuaigh siad isteach an geatayou can go by the same road féadfaidh tusa dul an bóthar céannashe called by the office on her way bhuail sí isteach chun na hoifige ar a slí 9 preposition under name, titlewe knew her by the name of Neansaí Neansaí a thugaimis uirthi, Neansaí a bhí againne uirthihe was always addressed by his full title thugadh daoine a theideal iomlán air i gcónaí agus iad ag caint leis 10 preposition of stagesthey started the work by knocking down the wall leag siad an balla mar thús leis an obairwe'll start by introducing everybody ar dtús, cuirfimid gach duine in aithneI'll finish by thanking ... mar fhocal scoir, gabhaim buíochas le ...; mar chríoch, tá mé buíoch do ... 11 preposition perin aghaidh de réir we get paid by the month íoctar in aghaidh na míosa sinn, díoltar de réir na míosa muid 12 preposition graduallyhe was getting worse by the minute bhí sé ag éirí níos measa in aghaidh an nóiméidshe counted the pens one by one chuntais sí na pinn ceann ar cheann, chomhair sí na pinn ina gceann agus ina gceannbit by bit de réir a chéile, diaidh ar ndiaidhmonth by month mí ar mhí, mí i ndiaidh míosa 13 preposition of degreeit's by far the cheapest way is é an bealach is saoire é go mór fadahe's not the best, not by a long chalk ní hé is fearr, ná baol air; ní hé is fearr, ná in aon ghiorracht dóit's shorter, though not by much tá sé níos giorra de bheagán, tá sé níos giorra ach ní mórán é, tá sé níos giorra ach is beag atá ann 14 preposition of comparisoni gcomparáid le i gcomórtas le le taobh le hais I worked really hard, by my standards d'oibrigh mé an-chrua, i gcomparáid le mo ghnáthnós oibrethey weren't dear by today's prices ní raibh siad daor i gcomparáid le praghsanna an lae inniu, ní raibh siad daor de réir phraghsanna an lae inniu 15 preposition of criterionde réir they'll be selected by ability roghnófar iad de réir cumais, roghnófar iad ar bhonn cumaisthey were chosen by height as a n-airde a roghnaíodh iad, roghnaíodh iad de réir airdeby the book de réir na rialacha, de réir na rúibricíby law de réir dlí 16 preposition of contactshe held me by the hand rug sí greim láimhe orm, bhí sí i ngreim láimhe ionam, rug sí ar mo lámhhe held him by his jacket rug sé i ngreim seaicéid air 17 preposition of intention, meaningle prep what you do mean by beauty? céard atá i gceist agat le háilleacht?, cad atá i gceist agat nuair a deir tú áilleacht? 18 preposition no later thanfaoi prep we have to be there by lunchtime caithfimid a bheith ansin faoi am lóin, caithfimid a bheith ansin roimh am lóinhe'll be gone by now beidh sé ar shiúl faoin am seo, beidh sé imithe faoin taca seo, beidh sé imithe faoin tráth seoentries must be received by no later than 5 pm on Friday ní mór do na hiontrálacha a bheith istigh faoi 5 pm Dé hAoinethey were all sold by morning bhí siad ar fad díolta faoi mhaidinby the end of the week faoi dheireadh na seachtaineby then faoin am sin, faoin tráth sin 19 preposition duringi prep i rith i gcaitheamh the café becomes a club by night is club é an caifé san oíchewe work by day oibrímid i rith an lae 20 preposition of quantity, numberapplications have increased by 50% tá líon na n-iarratas ardaithe 50%, tá ardú 50% ar líon na n-iarratasthe price has increased by €10 d'ardaigh an praghas €10100 divided by 7 100 roinnte ar a 78 multiplied by 3 8 iolraithe faoina 3, 8 méadaithe faoina 3the room was 9m by 5m bhí an seomra 9m faoi 5m, bhí an seomra 9m ar 5mthe line was short by a metre bhí an líne méadar gearrhe was taller by 6 centimetres bhí sé 6 cheintiméadar níos airdeshe was better by miles bhí sí i bhfad ní b'fhearr 21 preposition informal in opinion ofthat's all right by me tá sé sin togha chomh fada agus a bhaineann sé liomsa, ní miste liomsa sin, tá sé sin go breá liomsa 22 preposition in exclamations, oathsdar by God! dar Dia! 23 preposition pastthar prep she passed by our house chuaigh sí thar an teach s'againne 24 preposition besidele hais in aice le le cois le taobh we stayed by the pool d'fhanamar taobh leis an linn, d'fhanamar le hais na linnethey were down by the river bhí siad thíos cois abhannhe walked by the river shiúil sé le hais na habhann, shiúil sé le cois na habhann, shiúil sé le taobh na habhannshe sat by the window shuigh sí le hais na fuinneoige, shuigh sí in aice leis an bhfuinneog, shuigh sí in aice na fuinneoige
adverb
25 adverb pastthar bráid thart he was watching the world go by bhí sé ag féachaint ar an saol mór ag dul thar bráid, bhí sé ag amharc ar an saol mór ag dul thart, bhí sé ag faire ar an saol mór ag dul thairisa few cars went by chuaigh cúpla gluaisteán thar bráid 26 adverb nearin aice láimhe ar na gaobhairthey stood by watching us sheas siad in aice láimhe ag faire orainn, sheas siad láimh linn ag féachaint orainn 27 adverb of time passingas time goes by le himeacht amathe days flew by d'imigh na laethanta thart an-tapa 28 adverb at placehe dropped by to say hello bhuail sé isteach chun heileo a ráshe called by with a present tháinig sí thart le bronntanas